Building Community and Transforming Knowledge: Histories of Women's Health Practitioners and Community-Based Health Services in 20th-Century Alberta, Canada.

As new government health policy was created and implemented in the late 1910s and the late 1960s, women patients and health practitioners recognized gaps in the new health services and worked together to create better programs. This article brings the histories of the district nursing program (1919-43) and local birth control centres (1970-79) together to recognize women's health provision (as trained nurses or lay practitioners) as community-based and collaborative endeavours in the province of Alberta. The district nursing and birth control centre programs operated under different health policies, were influenced by different feminisms, and were situated in different Indigenous-settler relations. But the two programs, occurring half a century apart, provided space for health workers and their patients to implement change at a community level. Health practitioners in the early and late twentieth century took women's experiential knowledge seriously, and, therefore, these communities formed a new field of women's health expertise.

Indigenous health and nursing in Roraima in the 1970s.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the strategies undertaken by the government to address the health problem in Boa Vista/Roraima. METHOD: A study using the microhistory approach, with documentary sources from journalistic material of the 1970s through the triangulation technique: texts, images and context, with analysis from the perspective of the Social World Theory. RESULTS: It was evidenced that the strategies undertaken by the government occurred in favor of the exploration of isolated areas in Roraima that demanded settlement processes, construction of villages and a highway to enable the interconnection of the state with other regions of Brazil, with a smoke screen symbolic effect produced by nurses on indigenous health. CONCLUSION: There was governmental manipulation, when the symbolic power was unveiled, making it possible to see and believe that nursing needs to guide political issues rather than being ruled.

Indigenous health and nursing in Roraima in the 1970s / Salud de los indígenas y enfermería en Roraima en la década de 1970 / Saúde indígena e enfermagem em Roraima na década de 1970

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the strategies undertaken by the government to address the health problem in Boa Vista/Roraima. Method: A study using the microhistory approach, with documentary sources from journalistic material of the 1970s through the triangulation technique: texts, images and context, with analysis from the perspective of the Social World Theory. Results: It was evidenced that the strategies undertaken by the government occurred in favor of the exploration of isolated areas in Roraima that demanded settlement processes, construction of villages and a highway to enable the interconnection of the state with other regions of Brazil, with a smoke screen symbolic effect produced by nurses on indigenous health. Conclusion: There was governmental manipulation, when the symbolic power was unveiled, making it possible to see and believe that nursing needs to guide political issues rather than being ruled.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las estrategias emprendidas por el gobierno para sanar el problema de la salud en Boa Vista / Roraima. Método: En el estudio de la micro-historia, con fuentes documentales oriundas de materia periodística de la década de 1970, cuando fueron articulados, por medio de la técnica de triangulación, textos, imágenes y contexto, con análisis en la perspectiva de la Teoría del Mundo Social. Resultados: Se evidenció que las estrategias emprendidas oriundas del gobierno ocurrieron en pro de la exploración de áreas aisladas en Roraima que demandaron procesos de poblamiento, construcción de aldeas y de una carretera para viabilizar la interconexión del estado con otras regiones de Brasil, teniendo por cortina de humo el efecto simbólico producido por las enfermeras en la salud indígena. Conclusión: Hubo manipulación gubernamental, cuando el poder simbólico fue desvelado, haciendo ver y creer que la enfermería necesita pautar los asuntos políticos en vez de ser pautada.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as estratégias empreendidas pelo governo para sanar o problema da saúde em Boa Vista/Roraima. Método: Estudo na abordagem da micro-história, com fontes documentais oriundas de matéria jornalística da década de 1970, quando foram articulados, por meio da técnica de triangulação, textos, imagens e contexto, com análise na perspectiva da Teoria do Mundo Social. Resultados: Foi evidenciado que as estratégias empreendidas oriundas do governo ocorreram em prol da exploração de áreas isoladas em Roraima que demandaram processos de povoamento, construção de vilarejos e de uma rodovia para viabilizar a interligação do estado com demais regiões do Brasil, tendo por cortina de fumaça o efeito simbólico produzido pelas enfermeiras na saúde indígena. Conclusão: Houve manipulação governamental, quando o poder simbólico foi desvelado, fazendo ver e crer que a enfermagem precisa pautar os assuntos políticos ao invés de ser pautada.

Indigenous healthcare: Caterpillars to butterflies, case study supporting transformation.

The Canadian Government released a document to aid in the relationships between the Government of Canada and First Nations around the ratification and redesign of the Indian Act of 1876. The name of this document was the "White Paper." The Federal Government's "White Paper, statement of Government of Canada on Indian Policy of 1969," rejected the concept of special status for First Nations within confederation-they should have the same rights and responsibilities as other Canadians. The Federal Government argued treaty rights were irrelevant in today's society; the important issues demanding attention included economic, educational, and social problems. In Canada's assessment of the "savage" situation, the government could not see wellness wholistically addressing the poverty, social crises, and bleak future faced by most First Peoples was rooted in the very denial of treaty rights and humanness. This article pushes to educate health leaders about current circumstances contributing to racism.

Máxime "Max" Kuczynski: Father of Peruvian Public Health and of the 66th President of Peru.

Máxime Kuczynski (1890-1967), a medical pioneer born in Poland, was renowned for his work in tropical medicine in the Peruvian jungle, especially on Bartonella baciliformis, the cutaneous form known as verruga peruana of deadly Oroya fever. His unique university training in anthropology, philosophy, and parasitology lead to a participatory observational method of practicing medicine. At the request of the Peruvian President, he ventured into the Peruvian Amazon in 1936 to establish a public health service in partnership with indigenous populations. In June 2016, his son Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, a former Prime Minister of Peru, was elected the 66th President of Peru.

[Intercultural health in Chile: Historical development and current challenges]. / Salud intercultural en Chile: Desarrollo histórico y desafíos actuales.

In 1992, Chile implemented for the first time a health program for indigenous peoples, the Health Program for the Mapuche Population (PROMAP), whose objective was to provide health care with cultural relevance, favoring the complementarity between the indigenous medical systems and the official system The current version of this initiative - named PESPI - has managed to reach almost all the Health Services in the country with this approach. The review that the academic world has made of these experiences, based on public health or medical anthropology, has focused on the analysis of the initiatives taken in rural indigenous contexts, from the point of view of the difficulties they have had to face and the meaning of the interculturality in health that they have managed to consolidate. However, little has been said about this program in urban contexts (currently, a space which our indigenous peoples are occupying progresively) or from the point of view of the notions of interculturality in health that they imply. Considering the above, the article offers a thematic review of national and international scientific publications on the subject, a critical analysis of intercultural health programs developed in Chile and a reflection on their challenges in the framework of urban indigenous dynamics.

En 1992, Chile implementó por primera vez un programa de salud para los pueblos indígenas, el Programa de Salud para Población Mapuche (Promap), cuyo objetivo fue entregar una atención de salud con pertinencia cultural, favoreciendo la complementariedad entre los sistemas médico indígena y el sistema oficial. La versión actual de esa iniciativa - el Programa especial de Salud para Pueblos Indígenas (PESPI) - ha logrado llegar con este enfoque a casi la totalidad de los Servicios de Salud del país. La revisión que el mundo académico ha hecho de estas experiencias, basados en la salud pública o en la antropología médica, se ha centrado en el análisis de las iniciativas llevadas en contextos indígenas rurales, desde el punto de vista de las dificultades que han debido enfrentar y las nociones de interculturalidad en salud que han logrado consolidar. Sin embargo, poco se ha abordado este programa en los contextos urbanos (espacio en que mayoritariamente están ocupando hoy nuestros pueblos indígenas) o desde el punto de vista de las nociones de interculturalidad en salud que implican. Considerando lo anterior, el artículo ofrece una revisión temática de publicaciones científicas nacionales e internacionales acerca del tema, un análisis crítico de los programas de salud intercultural desarrollados en Chile y una reflexión acerca de sus desafíos en el marco de la dinámica indígena urbana.

Interview with the Hon. Ken Wyatt: improving Indigenous health outcomes from a political viewpoint.

In 2017, Australia celebrates 50 years since the 1967 referendum, when more than 90% of Australians voted to amend the constitution to allow the national government to create laws for Indigenous people and include them in the census. We spoke with the Honourable Ken Wyatt, the Minister for Indigenous Health and the Minister for Aged Care, about what has occurred over the past 50 years in Indigenous health from a political perspective, and what we have learnt to improve health outcomes in the future.

Aproximación crítica a las políticas públicas en salud indígena, medicina tradicional e interculturalidad en México (1990-2016) / A critical examination of public policies related to indigenous health, traditional medicine, and interculturality in Mexico (1990-2016)

RESUMEN En los últimos 26 años, el gobierno mexicano desarrolló múltiples discursos y actividades sobre la denominada "salud intercultural" dirigidos, en especial, a los pueblos originarios de México (alrededor de 62, de acuerdo al criterio lingüístico), y construyó establecimientos de salud (puestos de salud, clínicas y hospitales) en los que propuso la aplicación de indicadores de pertinencia cultural en algunos estados como Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Querétaro y Jalisco (mínimos e insuficientes). Sin embargo, la salud indígena y la atención médica institucional siguen siendo precarias en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales (personal sanitario, medicamentos, etc.), y discriminatorios con relación a la forma y al contenido de la atención que se brinda. En este artículo, detallamos algunas de las intervenciones del gobierno que suponen un avance institucional sobre el tema de interculturalidad en salud pero que, en el fondo, significan la continuidad de políticas arbitrarias y excluyentes.

ABSTRACT Over the last 26 years, the Mexican government has developed a number of activities and discourses around what has been called "intercultural health," directed especially at indigenous peoples in Mexico (some 62, according to linguistic criteria). In this way, the government has built health care institutions (rural centers, clinics, and hospitals) in states like Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro, and Jalisco, proposing the implementation of cultural pertinence indicators (which are minimal and inadequate). Nevertheless, the health conditions among indigenous populations and the quality of health care provided by public institutions continue to be precarious in terms of human and material resources (health personnel, drugs, etc.) and discriminatory with respect to the form and content of the provided services. This paper describes some of the governmental interventions that purport to be institutional improvements in the field of interculturality, but that actually represent the continuity of arbitrary and exclusive policies.

[A critical examination of public policies related to indigenous health, traditional medicine, and interculturality in Mexico (1990-2016)]. / Aproximación crítica a las políticas públicas en salud indígena, medicina tradicional e interculturalidad en México (1990-2016).

Over the last 26 years, the Mexican government has developed a number of activities and discourses around what has been called "intercultural health," directed especially at indigenous peoples in Mexico (some 62, according to linguistic criteria). In this way, the government has built health care institutions (rural centers, clinics, and hospitals) in states like Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro, and Jalisco, proposing the implementation of cultural pertinence indicators (which are minimal and inadequate). Nevertheless, the health conditions among indigenous populations and the quality of health care provided by public institutions continue to be precarious in terms of human and material resources (health personnel, drugs, etc.) and discriminatory with respect to the form and content of the provided services. This paper describes some of the governmental interventions that purport to be institutional improvements in the field of interculturality, but that actually represent the continuity of arbitrary and exclusive policies.

En los últimos 26 años, el gobierno mexicano desarrolló múltiples discursos y actividades sobre la denominada "salud intercultural" dirigidos, en especial, a los pueblos originarios de México (alrededor de 62, de acuerdo al criterio lingüístico), y construyó establecimientos de salud (puestos de salud, clínicas y hospitales) en los que propuso la aplicación de indicadores de pertinencia cultural en algunos estados como Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Querétaro y Jalisco (mínimos e insuficientes). Sin embargo, la salud indígena y la atención médica institucional siguen siendo precarias en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales (personal sanitario, medicamentos, etc.), y discriminatorios con relación a la forma y al contenido de la atención que se brinda. En este artículo, detallamos algunas de las intervenciones del gobierno que suponen un avance institucional sobre el tema de interculturalidad en salud pero que, en el fondo, significan la continuidad de políticas arbitrarias y excluyentes.

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN INDIAN NURSES.

This historical overview is a compilation of information from multiple archival sources; it provides a perspective of the course of events contributing to the present nursing shortage among American Indians. The review begins in the late 1800s by identifying educational assimilation efforts, the role offield nurses and field matrons in introducing Western healthcare to American Indians,followed by examples of American Indian nursing programs and early American Indian nurses and their contributions, and concludes with information about current American Indian nursing programs and recruitment efforts particularly the Recruitment and Retention of American Indians into Nursing (RAIN) program, introduced in the 1990s.

Travels with Charlie.

Playing woodwind instruments has long been shown to assist those with asthma; now playing the didgeridoo is also found to help.

Beyond the Biomedical Paradigm: The Formation and Development of Indigenous Community-Controlled Health Organizations in Australia.

This article describes the formation and development of Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services in Australia, with emphasis on the Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service in Sydney. These organizations were established in the 1970s by Indigenous Australians who were excluded from and denied access to mainstream health services. The aim of this research was to explore notions of Indigenous agency against a historical backdrop of dispossession, colonialism, and racism. Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services act as a primary source of healthcare for many Indigenous communities in rural and urban areas. This study examined their philosophy of healthcare, the range of services provided, their problems with state bureaucracies and government funding bodies, and the imposition of managerialist techniques and strategies on their governance. Essentially, these organizations transcend individualistic, biomedical, and bureaucratic paradigms of health services by conceptualizing and responding to Indigenous health needs at a grassroots level and in a broad social and political context. They are based on a social model of health.